Copyright+and+Fair+Use

= = **Copyright ** = = = = = = = = Copyright exists to promote knowledge and creativity by providing a secure environment for individuals to share ideas and build upon prior knowledge. = = **Fair Use ** = = = = = = Also important in determining whether a use is fair is considering whether that use is **transformative ** in nature. This element falls within the Fair Use category of character and purpose of use. In determining this, one must consider the following: = = = = **Fair Use Guidelines ** Over the years, various educational groups and media organizations have convened in order to reach a common ground about the specific uses of copyrighted materials allowed for by the Fair Use Doctrine. In many cases, fair use guidelines are presented in an authoritative context, indicating that they are directly related to copyright law and fair use. Although many educators cling to these guidelines out of fear of violating copyright laws, these guidelines DO NOT HOLD THE FORCE OF LAW. It is very important for educators to gain a working knowledge of fair use in order to avoid misconceptions regarding what constitutes legal use of copyrighted material.
 * 17 U.S.C. § 102 **
 * Copyright protection subsists, in accordance with this title, in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed **
 * Copyright **refers to the exclusive rights held by the creator of an original piece of work, and includes that creator’s right to:
 * reproduce the work;
 * create a derivative of the work;
 * distribute copies of the work;
 * perform the work publicly; and,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">display the work publicly.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">US Constitution, Art. 1 § 8 **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">17 U.S.C. ****<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> § ****<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">107 **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">the fair use of a copyrighted work,… for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 18px;">Fair Use **<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> refers to a set of exceptions to copyright law. The Fair Use doctrine allows individuals to use original material without permission or payment under certain circumstances. The four factors taken into consideration in determining whether a particular use of copyrighted material is fair include:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">the character and purpose of the use, including whether the use is commercial or noncommercial;
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">the nature of the work being used;
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">the amount/proportion of the work being used relative to the work as a whole; and,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">the effect the use has on the potential marketability, or value of, the work.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Does the use add new meaning to, or build upon, the original work in any way?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Does the derivative of the work target a different audience than that of the original work?

**<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Media Literacy ** <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Media Literacy is a code which explains how to apply elements of fair use when teaching media literacy. This code was developed by Renee Hobbs (Media Tech Lab, Temple University), Peter Jaszi (Washington College of Law, American University), and Patricia Aufderheide (Center for Social Media, American University) after many meetings with various educational organizations and expert attorneys in the area of copyright law. This code is also endorsed by the National Association for Media Literacy Education (NAMLE), Action Coalition for Media Education, Visual Studies Division International Communication Association (ICA), and the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL). The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) not only endorses the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Media Literacy, but has also adopted it as their official policy on fair use = =  **<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Copyright Tools for Digital Media ** <span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">A **<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Creative Commons **<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> license provides creators and authors of original works the option of specifying how their work can be used. Through a Creative Commons license, authors can maintain copyright of their work while allowing others to distribute, copy, or use their work under conditions specified by the licensor. This type of license is commonly used for intellectual property published to the web, such as websites, sound files, photos, and video clips.

<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;">A website’s **<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 19px;">Terms of Use **<span style="font-family: 'Baskerville Old Face','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> policy can sometimes be helpful in determining whether certain permissions are granted to individuals for using copyrighted material contained there.

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